华夏看点网08月12日小杨来为大家解答以上问题，明示条款默示条款英文，法律英语词汇Outstanding以及privity很多人还不知道，现在让我们一起来看看吧！
开始今天的privity学习之前，首先复习一下昨天讲到的几个单词。
昨天主要是在讲outstanding这个单词之后派生出了很多的用法。法律英语词汇：outstanding，很遗憾，多年前当实习生时，给客户写催款函时就用到了（微笑）
首先，我最早遇到的用法，也是我最难忘的用法outstanding可以表示尚未偿付的意思，基本上可以相当于undischarged unpaid。
Undischarged这个单词的来源于discharge。
discharge
To relieve oneself, or to be relieved, of an obligation.
The extinguishment（合同、权利的取消，债务的清偿） or release of obligations under a contract.
下面这一段描述是来源于英国法
A contract may be discharged in any one of four ways, namely, by performance（履行）, by agreement（合意）, by one party accepting the other’s breach as repudiation（An absence of readiness or willingness to perform contractual obligations by the promisor, sufficiently serious to give the promisee a right to terminate，Repudiation may be an express renunciation of contractual obligations） and by frustration（合约受阻The situation where a contractual obligation has, without the default of either party, become incapable of being performed合约受阻制度是common law中非常有意思的一个制度，大概相当于大陆法系下的force majeure，细节上可能会略有差异）.
For example, if a contract has become impossible of performance or been otherwise frustrated（前文frustration的动词）, and the parties thereto have for that reason been discharged from the further performance of contract, special provisions shall have effected to the parties
其次， Outstanding可以表示尚未完成的基本上和Complete对举。
有我们在相关的checklist里面可以说
due diligence documents（ Outstanding）
Audited financial report（ Complete）
Documents supporting the compliance of the Target company（ partially outstanding）
最后，outstanding股票已发行的，期权期货未平仓的。
outstanding options contract未平仓期权合约
衍生知识（其实如果是初学的话，整篇文章里面所有的知识点都在衍生，可以衍生出无数的知识）：这个地方再衍生一下option的话有几种，一个是call option 还有一个是put option还可以猜猜这个意思。
终于到正题了。
privity（相互关系）
Privity is the legal term for a close, mutual, or successive relationship to the same right of property or the power to enforce a promise or warranty. It is an important concept in contract law.
这个单词可能会出现在国际投资仲裁中。
比如说国际仲裁中，投资商想要和东道国进行投资仲裁，并不需要提供双方之间的合同关系或其他相关的关系。
只要能双方国家属于华盛顿公约预约国或者双方国家之间有的bilateral investment treaty，就可以开展投资仲裁，这就叫arbitration without privity
派生出来一个词组
Privity of contract
合同的相对性
这个大家可能都很熟悉了，就不做过多的介绍了，直接把两段长段的法律词典中的原文照抄上来，不做解释。
LexisNexis Law English-Chinese DictionaryPrivity of contract契約之相互關係A contract law rule under which only parties to a contract are legally bound by and entitled to enforce it: Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58, [1967] 2 All ER 1197 (HL).
The rule prevents contractual burdens being imposed on persons who are not a party to the contract. The privity of contract rule is conceptually distinct from the requirement that consideration must move from the person to whom the promise is made: Re Wyvern Developments Ltd [1974] 2 All ER 535, 1 WLR 1097. A valid contract may be found under the rule where consideration has been provided by the promisee, but the person who is intended to receive the performance of the promise is not a party to the consideration and not a party to the contract: Kepong Prospecting Ld v Schmidt [1968] AC 810. However, in some situations, a third party beneficiary of a contract to which he or she is not a party is entitled to enforce the contract which was made for his or her benefit, for example, where the facts which constitute a breach of the contract between parties to the contract may also give rise to a claim in tort, ie a breach of a duty of care owed to the third party: D & F Estates Ltd v Church Comrs for England [1989] AC 177, [1988] 2 All ER 992 (HL). In such situations the privity rule is not a bar. In relation to a lease, privity of contract allows parties to sue on all covenants of a lease; by contrast, where privity of estate alone exists, the parties may only sue on covenants that touch and concern the land: Oriental Solution Investment Ltd v Sin Ka Wing [1999] 4 HKC 135. Privity of contract results in both original parties to a lease remaining liable for performance of all the lease covenants even after their interests in the lease have been assigned: Oriental Solution Investment Ltd v Sin Ka Wing [1999] 4 HKC 135.
合約法的規則, 只有合約的當事人受到合約的法律約束及有權強制執行: Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58, [1967] 2 All ER 1197 (上議院)。此規則阻止把合約責任加諸在任何非合約當事人的身上。在概念上, 契約之相互關係規則有別於代價必須由向其作出承諾的人提議的要求: Re Wyvern Developments Ltd [1974] 2 All ER 535, 1 WLR 1097。如代價是由承諾人提供, 但意圖獲得承諾履行的人並非代價的當事人也非合約的當事人，一份有效的合約可在此規則下出現, :Kepong Prospecting Ld v Schmidt [1968] AC 810。但在某些情況, 合約的第三者受益人並非合約的當事人, 但享有強制執行為其利益而訂立的合約,例如凡當事人之間構成違反合約的事實, 也可在侵權法提出申索, 即違反對第三者負有的小心責任: D & F Estates Ltd v Church Comrs for England [1989] AC 177, [1988] 2 All ER 992 （上議院）。在此情況下, 相互關係的規則不會禁止。就租約而言, 契約之相互關係准予當事人起訴租約的全部契諾；對比之下，如只有出租人與承租人的相互關係存在，當事人只可在接觸和涉及土地事項的契諾上起訴: Oriental Solution Investment Ltd v Sin Ka Wing [1999] 4 HKC 135。契約之相互關係結果使租約的雙方原來當事人即使其租約權益在轉易後，依然有履行所有租約契諾的法律責任: Solution Investment Ltd v Sin Ka Wing [1999] 4 HKC 135。
元照英美法词典privity of contract合同的利害关系；合同的相对性 指合同当事人之间存在的联系或关系。按照惯例，提起有关合同的诉讼，原告和被告必须就系争事项存有利害关系。但由于产品质量保证法规的制定和严格责任原则的采用，第三人因产品质量受到伤害或损害，也有权请求制造商或销售商赔偿。
本文到此结束，希望对大家有所帮助。